HEAVY DUTY TRANSPORTATION DECARBONIZES: Big rigs clean the air with electricity

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DIESEL has long been the fuel of choice for the global transportation industry.

However, a quiet revolution is brewing on the highways, with electric trucks slowly emerging as a powerful contender for a cleaner and more sustainable future. While still in its early stages, the electrification of transport trucks is rapidly gaining momentum, driven by advancements in technology, growing environmental concerns, and supportive policies.

The transportation sector, including medium-duty and heavy-duty truck, passenger buses, is a significant contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions. Diesel engines emit harmful pollutants such as nitrogen oxides and particulate matter, leading to respiratory illnesses and environmental degradation.

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In 2023, China is estimated to have sold around 52,000 electric trucks, according to Global EV Outlook. This represents a significant share (80-85 percent) of global electric truck sales which is pegged at about 66,000 units based on a report by the Faist Group.

EV analysts predict that in 2022, around 5 percent of all new heavy trucks sold in China were electric. That number is estimated to have increased by 2 percent in 2023 and another 2 percent is forecast for this year. This translates to roughly 28,000 electric heavy trucks in total.

Electric trucks offer a promising solution to both emissions and transportation efficiency. While the technology is evolving, there are currently two dominant contenders in the electric truck arena:

Battery Electric Trucks (BET) rely on large onboard batteries that are charged from the grid. BETs are well-suited for shorter-haul routes and regional distribution, where predictable charging schedules can be established. Advancements in battery technology are steadily increasing range capabilities, making BETs increasingly attractive for a wider range of applications.

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Trucks (FCET) utilize hydrogen fuel cells to generate electricity. Hydrogen is stored onboard the truck and reacts with oxygen from the air to produce electricity and water vapor as the only emission. FCETs offer the potential for longer ranges than BETs, making them more viable for long-haul transportation. However, the development of a robust hydrogen refueling infrastructure is crucial for their widespread adoption.

The global landscape of electric truck development is a dynamic one, with different regions taking center stage.

China is currently the undisputed leader in electric truck sales, fueled by government incentives and a focus on domestic production. Several Chinese manufacturers, including BYD and Dongfeng, offer a wide range of BEV options, catering to a rapidly growing domestic market.

Europe is another leader in electric truck development, with established players like Scania, Daimler Truck, and Volvo Group actively pushing the boundaries. These companies are investing heavily in both BEV and FCEV technologies, with a focus on long-haul transportation and infrastructure development through projects like the pan-European e-highway network.

While lagging behind China and Europe, North America is demonstrating increasing interest in electric trucks. Major manufacturers like Tesla are entering the fray with innovative designs like the Tesla Semi, while established players like Daimler Truck are preparing to offer FCEV options in the coming years. Supportive policies and incentives are also playing a role in accelerating adoption.

The success of electric truck electrification hinges on overcoming several technological hurdles but seem to have bigger advantages versus passenger cars.

For BETs, battery range remains a critical concern–but the availability of space, in the truck under chassis for instance, or in the case of Scania, utilizing the whole trailer truck as a battery platform–has increased both range and load. Advancements in battery chemistry and energy density are crucial to ensure sufficient range for a wider range of trucking applications. Additionally, improving battery life cycles and minimizing degradation are essential for long-term cost-effectiveness.

Like for passenger vehicles, the development of a robust charging network is critical for BEV adoption. This includes installing fast-charging stations along major transportation corridors and ensuring a reliable electricity grid to support the increased demand. Collaborative efforts between governments, utilities, and private companies are essential.

For FCETs, the development of a widespread hydrogen refueling network is paramount. This requires investments in hydrogen production, transportation, and storage facilities. Collaboration to establish standards and ensure safety is crucial for a successful infrastructure build-out.

The success of electric truck electrification relies heavily on supportive policies and economic considerations.

Government incentives in many countries, such as tax breaks, subsidies, and grants can play a crucial role in making electric trucks more cost-competitive with their diesel counterparts. Encouraging investment in charging and hydrogen infrastructure is also essential.

Implementing carbon pricing mechanisms can incentivize companies to transition towards cleaner technologies like electric trucks. This would create a market force that favors reduced emissions.

While the upfront cost of electric trucks may be higher, a life-cycle analysis that considers reduced fuel costs and lower operating costs due to reduced fuel consumption and maintenance needs, as well as superior efficiency compared to diesel engines, leading to less energy waste and improved overall performance.

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The electrification of transport for a more sustainable future for the global transportation industry will not happen in the next decade. But it can be hastened as electric trucks become more affordable, their range improves, and charging and refueling infrastructure expands, we can expect to see a significant shift towards a cleaner and more sustainable transportation landscape. — with Lech P. Quiambao.

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