ELECTRIC vehicles (EVs) no doubt, at some point in the very near future, will overcome internal combustion engine vehicles. Countries such as China, the US, Norway are leading the charge. The Netherlands, Sweden, the UK, Germany and Southeast Asia have their own unique approaches and outcomes shaped by their individual energy landscapes.

However, the continued dominance of fossil fuels in global energy production casts a long shadow on the effectiveness of EVs in combatting climate change. Given the current state of EV adoption globally, the question is, and has been, what are the true environmental benefits of electric mobility?

China stands as the undisputed leader in EV adoption, accounting for nearly 60 percent of all new electric car registrations globally in 2023. This meteoric rise can be attributed to several factors, including government support, strong local manufacturing and a need to control air pollution.

It has implemented a series of policies aimed at promoting EVs, including subsidies, tax breaks, and stringent emission standards for conventional vehicles. This led to a robust domestic EV manufacturing industry, making EVs more affordable and accessible to what is now the world’s largest market for cars.  

However, China’s energy mix still heavily relies on coal, raising concerns about the true environmental benefits of its EV boom. While EVs reduce tailpipe emissions, the electricity used to charge them often comes from coal-fired power plants, leading to a significant carbon footprint. Nonetheless, China’s continued investments in renewable energy and its commitment to a greener future offer a glimmer of hope for cleaner EV adoption in the long run.  

The United States has also witnessed a significant increase in EV sales in recent years. Growth in the world’s second-largest auto market, was driven by the initially by the novelty of Tesla, but federal incentives, including the Inflation Reduction Act have made EVs more financially attractive to consumers.  

Moreover, the country has the most well-managed and possibly largest charging infrastructure per kilometer in the world. Investment in charging stations and the growing availability of home charging options are easing range anxiety and making EV ownership more convenient.  A wider range of EV models from various automakers is now available, catering to diverse consumer preferences and needs.  

While the US boasts a more diversified energy mix than China, fossil fuels still account for a substantial portion of its electricity generation. As of 2023, the U.S. Energy Information Administration reports that its energy mix has fossil fuels—primarily natural gas, and coal—still dominate at 60 percent.

Renewable energy sources are increasingly significant, constituting around 23 percent. Wind and solar are the leading renewables, with wind contributing 11 percent and solar 5 percent, while biomass and hydroelectric power make up smaller portions. Nuclear power plays a consistent role, providing about 18-19 percent of the U.S. energy mix. It is the largest non-carbon source of electricity in the U.S. and has been stable over recent years.

Norway, Sweden and the Netherlands have emerged as frontrunners in EV adoption, with supportive government policies and a strong commitment to sustainable transportation driving their progress. With an EV market share exceeding 80 percent, Norway stands as a global leader in electric mobility. Generous incentives, including tax exemptions and toll-free driving, have played a crucial role in driving this success. The Netherlands and Sweden have also witnessed impressive EV adoption rates, thanks to a combination of financial incentives, favorable taxation policies, and a well-developed charging infrastructure.  

Compared to China and the US, these countries benefit from a relatively clean energy mix, with a significant share of electricity coming from renewable sources. This significantly enhances the environmental benefits of EVs in these regions. (To be continued next week)