US President Donald Trump has repeatedly threatened to put Washington, D.C., under full federal control to reduce crime, even as city officials stressed crime is already falling.
While Trump does have some authority over the capital city’s police force and National Guard soldiers, a full federal takeover would likely be blocked in court. Here is why.
The US Constitution, ratified in 1787, provided for the creation of a federal capital district to serve as the permanent seat of the government.
The Constitution made clear that Congress has complete legislative authority over the district. But Congress has historically delegated at least some of the day-to-day work of municipal government to other entities.
HOW IS DC GOVERNED?
A federal law passed by Congress in 1973, known as the Home Rule Act, allowed city residents to elect a mayor and council, who have some autonomy to pass their own laws.
Congress still has budgetary oversight over D.C., however, and can overturn local legislation. Congress did that most recently in 2023, voting to overturn changes to Washington’s laws that lowered penalties for some crimes.
WHO CONTROLS DC LAW ENFORCEMENT?
The Democratic mayor of Washington, Muriel Bowser, has authority over the city’s Metropolitan Police Department. But the Home Rule Act allows the president to take control of the MPD for federal purposes during emergencies if “special conditions of an emergency nature exist.”
A presidential takeover is limited to 30 days, unless Congress votes to extend it through a joint resolution.
Trump invoked this part of the Home Rule Act on Monday, saying in an executive order that there is a “crime emergency” in the city that necessitates federal management of the police department.
Bowser has pushed back on Trump’s claims of unchecked violence, saying the city is “not experiencing a crime spike” and highlighting that violent crime hit its lowest level in more than three decades last year.
Violent crime, including murders, spiked in 2023, turning Washington into one of the nation’s deadliest cities, according to city police data.
However, violent crime dropped 35% in 2024, according to federal data, and it has fallen an additional 26% in the first seven months of 2025.
Trump also has broad control over the D.C. National Guard’s 2,700 soldiers and airmen. They report directly to the president, unlike counterparts in other states and territories.
Trump said on Monday he was deploying 800 National Guard troops to Washington.
CAN TRUMP ‘FEDERALIZE’ DC?
It is highly unlikely.
To exert full federal control of D.C., Trump would need Congress to repeal the Home Rule Act.
Such a repeal would require 60 votes in the US Senate, where Trump’s Republican Party has a 53-47 advantage. Democrats have been supportive of home rule for DC and are not expected to cross party lines to endorse Trump’s vision.
But there are ways Trump can exert more influence over the district without fully taking it over.
In recent months, Trump has directed federal law enforcement agencies such as the FBI to increase the police presence in Washington.
Trump has broad authority to reallocate FBI personnel, and in recent months, FBI agents around the country have been given temporary assignments to help with immigration enforcement.
Trump also signed an executive order in March to make D.C. “safe and beautiful,” establishing a task force to increase police presence in public areas, maximize immigration enforcement, and expedite concealed carry licenses.
